Abstract This work developed biscuits with the partial substitution of wheat flour with olive pomace flour (OPF). The wheat flour contents substituted by OPF in the biscuits were 0%, 10%, and 20%. The effects of the flour on the chemical composition, lipid profile, and sensory aspects of the reformulated biscuits were evaluated. The data showed that the OPF has a high concentration of dietary fiber (43.75%) and 27.70% lipids. The biscuit with 10% of the wheat flour replaced by OPF has 4.29% of total dietary fiber and 22.61% of lipids, whereas the biscuits made by substituting 20% of the wheat flour with OPF have 8.52% of total dietary fiber and 23.78% of lipids. The incorporation of OPF increased the contents of lipids, minerals, and dietary fiber. Sensorially, the sensory descriptors were not beneficial to characterize the biscuits reformulated with OPF. Also, the lightness, texture, and brittleness decreased in the biscuits with added OPF, as did the loss from baking. Hence, the BIS10 biscuit proved to have the potential to be better explored from the physicochemical and sensory viewpoint.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of a blend based on α-monolaurin mono-, di- and triglycerides of butyric acid, and lysolecithin on the performance even on diets containing reduced inclusion of oil in the diet and without the use of growth-promoting antibiotics of broilers considering the effect on health, performance, and meat. Three treatments were defined: positive control (TP: with enramycin), negative control (TN: no enramycin), and blend (T-FRA: with monolaurin and glycerides of acid butyric minus 0.8% soybean oil). At 21 days, broilers treated with TP and T-FRA obtained the lower feed conversion ratio (FC); at 35 days, T-FRA broilers obtained lower FC than TN broilers. Cholesterol levels were higher in the blood of T-FRA broilers. On day 42, levels of ROS and TBARS were lower in the intestine, muscles, and liver of T-FRA broilers. Moreover, glutathione S-transferase and total non-enzymatic antioxidants were greater at the intestinal and muscular levels. The T-FRA broilers had a lower percentage of lipids in the meat. The MIC indicated that 111mg of the blend/mL inhibited the growth of E. coli; however, the counts of total coliforms and E. coli in the feces and the broilers’ litter did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, the addition of the blend T-FRA in broiler diets was able to improve the feed conversion and maintain the other performance parameters even considering a reduction of 0.8% in the inclusion of oil.

The use of paper devices in chemical analysis has been increased due to their low cost, high surface area, portability, and biodegradability. A novel use of paper devices is proposed using thermal infrared enthalpimetry (TIE) for a rapid, green, and high throughput determination of wine acidities. The determination of total, fixed, and volatile acidities in red, white, and sparkling wine was carried out, and the results were compared with AOAC titration method. A multichannel pipette was used for reagent addition and an infrared camera for the temperature monitoring. The pipetting and temperature measurement conditions presented direct influence in the deviations among the measurements. The results obtained by TIE presented an agreement between 96 and 104% with the reference method (AOAC 962.12), for all samples. A high sample throughput was achieved reaching 480 samples h-1 for total acidity. A significant reduction in sample volume and reagent consumption was also obtained, with energy consumption up to 60 times lower in relation to the AOAC method. The association of TIE with a paper device provided a rapid, reliable and green method for the determination of acidities of wines.

Abstract Inflammatory dermatoses are prevalent worldwide, with impacts on the quality of life of patients and their families. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Achyrocline satureioides oily extracts and nanocapsules on the skin using a mouse model of irritant contact dermatitis induced by croton oil, and a skin inflammation model induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The mice were treated with 15 mg/ear oily extract (HG-OLAS) or nanocapsules (HG-NCAS) of A. satureioides incorporated into Carbopol® 940 hydrogels. We found that HG-OLAS and HG-NCAS formulations reduced ear edema in croton oil-induced lesions with maximum inhibitions of 54±7% and 74±3%, respectively. HG-OLAS and HG-NCAS formulations decreased ear edema induced by UVB radiation (0.5 J/cm2), with maximum inhibitions of 68±6% and 76±2% compared to the UVB radiation group, respectively. HG-OLAS and HG-NCAS modulated myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity after croton oil induction. Furthermore, croton oil and UVB radiation for 6 and 24 h, respectively, stimulated polymorphonuclear cells infiltration. The topical treatments reduced inflammatory processes, as shown by histological analysis. Together, the data suggest that topical application of A. satureioides oily extracts and nanocapsules produced antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. They constitute a compelling alternative for treatment of skin injuries.

Abstract In this work, a simple and fast method is proposed for the determination of ethanol in homeopathic medicines using thermal infrared enthalpimetry (TIE). Samples containing alcohol in a wide concentration range (from 5% to 95% v/v) were used. Purified water or absolute ethanol was added directly into homeopathic medicine and increase of temperature was monitored using an infrared camera. Total volume, stirring speed and dispensing rate of solutions were the most significant parameters studied for method optimization. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimization of the experimental conditions. The method was validated in the following parameters: selectivity, linearity, linear range, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), limit of detection and quantification, accuracy and robustness. Linear range was obtained from 4% to 55% (ethanol, v/v). The proposed method showed accuracy in agreement with the conventional one. The proposed method it was demonstrated a good alternative for determination of ethanol in homeopathic medicines, presenting low cost, fast analysis and agreement with the principles of green analytical chemistry.

Abstract Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of oregano essential oil added to the feed of commercial laying hens. This research was focused on the analysis of biochemical changes linked to hepatic function, and protein and lipid metabolism. It was used 240 laying hens (59 weeks-old) distributed in a completely randomized design of six treatments (five repetitions with eight birds each). The experiments were constituted by a control treatment (CT) with the inclusion of zinc bacitracin and five treatments of oregano essential oil (OEO: 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg.kg-1), respectively. After 28 days of feeding, an increase on serum levels of total proteins and globulins was observed on groups T150 and T200, as well as an increase on albumin levels on group CT. After 84 days of feeding, a significant reduction on total proteins and albumin was observed on group T200, as well as an increase in serum triglycerides. OEO at 200 mg.kg-1 increased globulin levels on day 28, which may be considered an effect in the inflammatory response, which increases serum immunoglobulins and proteins.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a influência da adição dos prebióticos farelo de arroz, inulina e hi-maize, na sobrevivência de Lactobacillus acidophilus em micropartículas de alginato obtidas por gelificação externa seguida de liofilização. Analisou-se o tamanho das micropartículas, a viabilidade, em simulação gastrointestinal e estabilidade, durante armazenamento. O tamanho das micropartículas variou de 127.5µm a 234.6µm. As micropartículas adicionadas dos diferentes prebióticos demonstraram um aumento na proteção do microrganismo, que apresentou maior viabilidade frente à simulação gastrointestinal. Quanto ao armazenamento em diferentes condições, a 25ºC o tratamento farelo de arroz manteve os probióticos viáveis por 30 dias. Nas condições de armazenamento -18ºC e 7°C os tratamentos contendo os prebióticoshi-maize e farelo de arroz mantiveram os microrganismos probióticos viáveis por um período de 60 dias.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the addition of prebiotics rice bran, inulin and hi-maize, on the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in alginate microparticles obtained by external ionic gelation followed by freeze-drying. The microparticles size ranged from 127.5μm to 234.6μm. Microparticles added from the different prebiotics demonstrated an increase in the protection of the microorganism, which presented greater viability against the gastrointestinal simulation. As for storage under different conditions, rice bran treatment at 25ºC kept probiotics viable for 30 days. Under storage conditions -18°C and 7°C, treatments containing prebiotics hi-maize and rice bran maintained viable probiotic microorganisms for a period of 60 days.

Abstract One hundred fifty fungal strains were isolated from the Pampa biome for production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Microbial oil was produced by submerged cultivation at 120 rpm, 28 ºC for 7 days. Seven strains showed the best results for lipids accumulation, and they were selected in order to evaluate the influence of the temperature (15 and 28 ºC) on the lipid production and profile. The fungus Nigrospora sp. produced the highest lipid level: at 28 ºC were produced 11.28% of lipids and 51.94% of PUFA and at 15 ºC were produced 6.02% of lipids and 42.39% of PUFA. Plackett Burman design was performed to investigate the main effects of the temperature (15-25 ºC), pH (4.0-6.0), agitation (120-200 rpm), corn steep liquor (5-15% (v/v)) and sucrose concentrations (60-180 g L-1). The highest PUFA production (55.75%) was observed at the lowest temperatures (15 ºC), whereas the maximum lipid production was 5.54% at 25 ºC.

RESUMO: Micropartículas de Lactobacillus acidophillus La-5 (ML) e Bifidobacterium Bb-12 (MB) foram produzidas em diferentes temperaturas de secagem no spray dryer. A influência das diferentes temperaturas sobre a viabilidade, eficiência de encapsulação, atividade de água e umidade foram avaliadas. As micropartículas que apresentaram maior viabilidade foram submetidas a análises de resistência térmica, simulação gastrointestinal, estabilidade ao armazenamento, morfologia e tamanho de partícula. A temperatura de secagem de 130°C mostrou maior eficiência de encapsulação, 84.61 e 79.73% para micropartículas de Lactobacillus acidophillus (ML) e Bifidobacterium Bb-12 (MB), respectivamente. Na avaliação da resistência térmica e simulação gastrointestinal as micropartículas de Lactobacillus acidophillus La-5 (ML) apresentaram maior sobrevivência que Bifidobacterium Bb-12 (MB) nestas condições. Na viabilidade ao armazenamento somente as micropartículas Lactobacillus acidophillus La-5 (ML) mantiveram-se viáveis em todas as temperaturas avaliadas durante os 120 dias. Os tamanhos de partícula encontrados foram de 4.85 para Lactobacillus acidophillus La-5 (ML) e 8.75 para Bifidobacterium Bb-12 (MB), estando de acordo aos valores desejáveis para produtos obtidos por spray dryer. Por fim, as micropartículas de Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 (ML) demostraram ser mais resistentes frente as condições avaliadas neste estudo.

ABSTRACT: Lactobacillus acidophillus La-5 (ML) and Bifidobacterium Bb-12 (MB) microparticles were produced at different temperatures by spray dryer. The influence of different temperatures on the viability, encapsulation efficiency, water activity and moisture were evaluated. Microparticles that presented more viability were submitted to thermal resistance, gastrointestinal simulation, storage stability, morphology and particle size analyses. Drying temperature of 130°C showed higher encapsulation efficiency, 84.61 and 79.73% for Lactobacillus acidophillus (ML) and Bifidobacterium Bb-12 (MB) microparticles, respectively. In the evaluation of thermal resistance and gastrointestinal simulation, the microparticles of Lactobacillus acidophillus La-5 (ML) presented higher survival than Bifidobacterium Bb-12 (MB) under these conditions. In storage viability only the Lactobacillus acidophillus La-5 (ML) microparticles remained viable at all evaluated temperatures during the 120 days. The particle sizes reported were 4.85 for Lactobacillus acidophillus La-5 (ML) and 8.75 for Bifidobacterium Bb-12 (MB), being in agreement with the desired values for products obtained by spray dryer. Finally, the Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 (ML) microparticles were shown to be more resistant under the conditions evaluated in this study.

RESUMO: Diferentes frutos tropicais vêm sendo utilizados para o desenvolvimento de bebidas fermentadas, porém na bibliografia consultada há poucas referências sobre a produção de espumantes naturais de outras frutas diferentes da uva. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e a caracterização físico-química e volátil de um espumante natural de goiaba produzido pelo método champenoise. A determinação dos compostos voláteis foi realizada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas utilizando a técnica de microextração em fase sólida no headspace (HS-SPME) das amostras. Foram detectados 89 compostos voláteis, dos quais 51 foram identificados. Os ésteres foram os compostos voláteis predominantes em número, totalizando 26 compostos, seguido pelos álcoois (10), terpenos (9), cetonas (3) e ácidos (3). Compostos voláteis com possível atividade odorífera foram encontrados na bebida, dentre eles os ésteres octanoato de etila, 5-hexenoato de etila, acetato de fenetila, (E)-β-damascenona, (E)-cinamato de etila, acetato de 2-metil butila, 3-metil butanol, 3-(E)-hexenoato de etila e o 5-hexenoato de metila. O espumante natural produzido apresentou uma composição complexa de aroma frutado e floral. Além disso, a utilização do método tradicionalmente aplicado a uvas, o champenoise, proporcionou a fabricação de um espumante natural de goiaba com características físico-químicas equivalentes aos espumantes elaborados a partir de vinho.

ABSTRACT: Although different tropical fruit species have been used in the development of fermented beverages, there are only few references in the literature to the production of natural sparkling wines from fruits other than grapes. In this sense, the objective of the present research was the development and physicochemical and volatile characterization of a natural sparkling guava wine produced by the champenoise method. Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique on samples. Eighty-nine volatile compounds were detected, of which 51 were identified. Esters were the predominant class of volatile compounds (a total of 26), followed by alcohols (10), terpenes (9), ketones (3), and acids (3). Volatile compounds with possible odoriferous activity were reported in the beverage, including ethyl octanoate, ethyl 5-hexenoate, phenethyl acetate, (E)-β-damascenone, (E)-ethyl cinnamate, 2-methyl butyl acetate, 3-methylbutanol, ethyl 3-(E)-hexenoate, and methyl 5-hexenoate. Natural sparkling guava wine produced showed a complex composition of fruity and floral aromas. Furthermore, the use of the champenoise method, traditionally applied to grapes, enabled the manufacture of a natural sparkling guava wine with physicochemical characteristics equivalent to those of sparkling wines made from grapes.

RESUMO: A extração de óleos essenciais é comumente realizada pelo método de hidrodestilação, o qual é descrito em compêndios oficiais para o controle de qualidade de alimentos e plantas medicinais. Apesar do largo uso deste método de extração, poucos estudos têm sido propostos para avaliar o efeito da mudança da atmosfera durante a extração na composição e atividade antioxidante de óleos essenciais. Portanto, um estudo sobre a influência da introdução de oxigênio na extração de óleos essenciais de manjericão, capim-limão e limão foi realizado. A quantidade total de compostos oxigenados (e.g., linalol, cânfora, α-terpineol, neral, geranial, eugenol e α-muurolol) aumentou em todos os óleos essenciais extraídos com oxigênio. A atividade antioxidante avaliada pelo método ORAC aumentou significativamente (P<0,0001) com a introdução de oxigênio, variando de 618 para 906, de 355 para 613 e de 72 para 262µmol Trolox g-1 óleo essencial de manjericão, capim-limão e limão, respectivamente. Portanto, a modificação simples proposta mostrou-se uma alternativa adequada para obtenção de óleos essenciais com maior atividade antioxidante.

ABSTRACT: Essential oil extraction is commonly carried out by using the hydrodistillation method, which is described in official compendia of food quality control and medicinal plants. Despite the widespread use of this method, few studies have evaluated the effect of the atmosphere change during extraction on the composition and antioxidant activity of essentials oils. Therefore, a study of oxygen introduction influence during the extraction of essential oils from basil, lemongrass and lemon by hydrodistillation was performed. Total amount of oxygenated compounds (e.g., linalool, camphor, α-terpineol, neral, geranial, eugenol and α-muurolol) increased for all essential oils extracted under oxygen flow. Antioxidant activity evaluated by using the ORAC method significantly increased (P<0.0001) with oxygen from 618 to 906, 355 to 613 and 72 to 262µmol Trolox g-1 oil for basil, lemongrass and lemon, respectively. Therefore, the simple modification proposed could be considered a suitable alternative to obtain essential oils with higher antioxidant activity.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate third generation biodiesel production by microalgae Phormidium autumnale using cassava processing wastewater as a platform. Experiments were performed in a heterotrophic bubble column bioreactor. The study focused on the evaluation of the bioreactor (batch and fed-batch) of different operational modes and the analysis of biofuel quality. Results indicate that fed-batch cultivations improved system performance, elevating biomass and oil productions to 12.0 g L−1 and 1.19 g L−1, respectively. The composition of this oil is predominantly saturated (60 %) and monounsaturated (39 %), resulting in a biodiesel that complys with U.S., European and Brazilian standards. The technological route developed indicates potential for sustainable production of bulk oil and biodiesel, through the minimization of water and chemical demands required to support such a process.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da interação entre sistemas produtivos e estações do ano sobre a qualidade química e microbiológica do leite bovino, além de propor um índice de potencial nutracêutico do perfil de ácidos graxos do leite. Três propriedades foram avaliadas mensalmente, durante as diferentes estações do ano, em quatro graus de especialização dos sistemas de produção: altamente especializado, especializado, semiespecializado e não especializado. Os sistemas de produção e as estações do ano interferem de forma conjunta no perfil de ácidos graxos e, de forma isolada, na qualidade química e microbiológica do leite. As maiores contagens de células somáticas e os menores conteúdos de proteína foram observados no verão, e o grau de especialização das unidades produtivas esteve indiretamente relacionado à contagem bacteriana total no leite. No inverno, sistemas não especializados produziram leite com o melhor índice nutracêutico, que apresentaram os maiores teores de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, ácido rumênico (CLA, 18:2n7-c9,t11) e ácido t10,c12-octadecadienoico (CLA, 18:2n6-t10,c12).

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between production systems and seasons on the chemical and microbiological qualities of bovine milk, besides proposing a potential nutraceutical index of milk fatty acid profiles. Three farms were assessed monthly, along the different seasons, for four specialization levels of the production systems: highly specialized, specialized, partially specialized, and nonspecialized. The production systems and the seasons jointly interfere in fatty acid profiles, and singly interfere in the chemical and microbiological quality of milk. The highest somatic cell counts and the lowest protein contents were observed in the summer, and the specialization level of the production units had an inverse relationship with the total bacterial count. During winter, nonspecialized systems produced milk with the best nutraceutical index, with the highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, rumenic acid (CLA, 18:2n7-c9,t11) and t10,c12-octadecadienoic acid (CLA, 18:2n6-t10,c12).

RESUMO: O aroma de maçãs depende de uma complexa interação entre compostos orgânicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre o perfil volátil e a qualidade de maçãs 'Royal Gala' produzidas no Sul do Brasil e armazenadas em atmosfera controlada (AC; 1,0kPa O2+1,2kPa CO2; 0,5±0,1°C; 94±1% umidade relativa). O perfil volátil foi determinado após oito meses de armazenamento mais seis dias de vida de prateleira através de micro extração em fase sólida (HS-SPME) e analisado por cromatografia gasosa acoplado a espectrofotômetro de massa. No perfil volátil, foram identificados 8 ésteres, 11 alcoois, 6 aldeídos, 6 ácidos, 2 cetonas, 1 éter e 1 terpeno. Aplicação de 1-MCP reduziu significativamente os principais compostos voláteis produzidos pela maçã 'Royal Gala'. Sua aplicação reduziu significativamente a produção de ésteres, especialmente 2-metil-butil acetato e hexil acetato, quando comparado à maçã 'Royal Gala' produzidas no Sul do Brasil e armazenada em AC. Aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno reduziu a produção de etileno e respiração dos frutos. Maçãs tratadas com 1-MCP apresentam maior produção de hexanal e 2(E)-hexenal.

ABSTRACT: Apple volatile aroma depends of complex interaction among organic compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) application on volatile profile and quality on 'Royal Gala' apples produced in Southern Brazil and stored under controlled atmosphere condition (CA; 1.0kPa O2+1.2kPa CO2; 0.5±0.1°C; 94±1% relative humidity). Volatile profile was determined after eight month of CA storage plus 7 days of shelf life via solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer. In the volatile profile were identified 8 esters, 11 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 6 acids, 2 ketones, 1 ether and 1 terpene. 1-MCP application reduced significantly the main volatile compounds production by 'Royal Gala' apples produced in Southern Brazil. Its application decreases significantly the esters production, especially 2-methyl-butyl acetate and hexyl acetate, compared to 'Royal Gala' apples storage under CA. 1-methylcyclopropene application decrease ethylene production and respiration rate. Apples treated with 1-MCP exhibit higher hexanal and 2(E)-hexenal production.

O consumo de probióticos está em constante crescimento, devido aos inúmeros benefícios conferidos à saúde dos consumidores. Neste contexto, a microencapsulação é uma tecnologia que favorece a viabilidade das culturas probióticas em produtos alimentícios, principalmente pelas propriedades de proteção contra as condições ambientais adversas e a liberação controlada. Atualmente, existem diversos procedimentos para a microencapsulação, com a utilização de vários tipos de polímeros de origem natural e sintética. O alginato de sódio é um dos polímeros com maior potencial para aplicação na encapsulação de probióticos, devido à sua versatilidade, biocompatibilidade e isenção de toxicidade. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar técnicas viáveis de encapsulação de probióticos com alginato, enfatizando a gelificação iônica interna e gelificação iônica externa, com a possibilidade de aplicação, bem como as tecnologias promissoras para o melhoramento destas.

The consumption of probiotics is constantly growing due to the numerous benefits conferred on the health of consumers. In this context, Microencapsulation is a technology that favors the viability of probiotic cultures in food products, mainly by the properties of protection against adverse environmental conditions and controlled release. Currently there are different procedures for microencapsulation using polymers of various types of natural and synthetic origin. The use of sodium alginate polymers is one of the largest potential application in the encapsulation of probiotics because of their versatility, biocompatibility and toxicity exemption. The aim of this review is to present viable encapsulation techniques of probiotics with alginate, emphasizing the internal ionic gelation and external ionic gelation, with the possibility of applying, as well as promising for improving these techniques.